| 《科学》（20260312出版）一周论文导读 |
编译｜未玖
Science,科学12 MAR 2026,VOL 391, ISSUE 6790
《科学》 ，2026年3月12日 ，出版第391卷 ，周论6790期
材料科学Materials Science
Strong and 文导brittle lithium dendrites
强而脆的锂枝晶
▲ 作者 ：QING AI, BOYU ZHANG, XING LIU, BONGKI SHIN, WENHUA GUO, GUANHUI GAO, ET AL.
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu9988
▲摘要：
锂枝晶在电解质和隔阂中的展开及渗入仍是完成高能量密度锂金属电池的关头艰苦 。
基于学界普及认为的读旧锂金属的质地柔滑性 ，采取机械强度高的事科电解质和隔阂不时被视为一种很有前景的计策 。可是学网 ，在刚性固态电解质中 ，科学枝晶构成还是出版存在 ，这注解其具有不合的周论机械特点 。
研究组采取无氛围筹划测量了单个锂枝晶的文导机械功用。下场不测创作创造 ，读旧锂枝晶具有高强度和高脆性，事科其断裂应力超出150兆帕 ，学网这与具有延展性的科学块体锂金属截然不合 。
低温透射电子显微镜不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅查询拜访和力学模型分化注解 ，这类行动源于固态电解质界面束厄狭隘和纳米级强化感染。这些创作创造为枝晶穿透和作古锂构成供给了新的更调机制 ，并为锂金属电池的筹划计策供给了带领 。
▲ Abstract ：
The growth and penetration of lithium dendrites through electrolytes and separators remain key challenges to realizing high–energy density lithium-metal batteries. Using mechanically strong electrolytes and separators has been considered a promising strategy based on the commonly believed softness of lithium. However, dendrite formation persists in stiff solid electrolytes, suggesting distinct mechanical behaviors. We measured the mechanical properties of individual lithium dendrites using an air-free protocol. We found that lithium dendrites are unexpectedly strong and brittle, with fracture stress greater than ~150 megapascals, unlike the ductile bulk metal. Cryo–transmission electron microscopy and mechanical modeling showed that this behavior arises from solid electrolyte inte***ce constraints and nanoscale strengthening. These findings provide alternative mechanisms for dendrite penetration and dead lithium formation as well as guidance for design strategies for lithium-metal batteries.
气候科学Environmental Science
Rapid evolution predicts demographic recovery after extreme drought
疾速退步可料想极端干旱后的种群数量清醒
▲ 作者 ：DANIEL N. ANSTETT, JULIA ANSTETT, SEEMA N. SHETH, DYLAN R. MOXLEY, HALEY A. BRANCH, MOJTABA JAHANI, ET AL.
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu0995
▲摘要 ：
因为气候笼统改削而展示数量促进的物种大年夜大年夜约需求退步来连滚存续 。当然退步补充已在幻想和考验考验室研究中掉落踪掉落踪证实 ，但其当面对气候笼统改削的天然种群的合用性还是未知 。
研究组分化了在极端干旱前提下，猩白色猴面花（Mimulus cardinalis）的疾速退步及其种群静态之间的联络 。对55个种群举办全基因组测序 ，以断定与气候笼统相干的基因座 ，同时还追踪了干旱时代种群筹划和等位基因频率的改削 。
下场创作创造 ，在干旱时代 ，全数种群数量除夜局限降低 ，种群退步速度存在地舆不合 ，种群数方针恢复气候也各不不异 ，而这些气候都可经由过程与气候笼统相干基因座上的遗传变异程度宁该位点的疾速退步来料想。
这些研究下场注解 ，在郊外气候中存在退步补充的大年夜大年夜约性 ，即在适应性位点而非中性位点上的基因变异可以料想种群的恢复气候 。
▲ Abstract ：
Populations that are declining as a result of climate change may need to evolve to persist. Although evolutionary rescue has been demonstrated in theory and in the laboratory, its relevance to natural populations facing climate change remains unknown. Here we link rapid evolution and population dynamics in scarlet monkeyflower, Mimulus cardinalis, during exceptional drought. We leverage whole-genome sequencing across 55 populations to identify climate-associated loci. Simultaneously we track demography and allele frequency change throughout the drought. We establish range-wide population decline during the drought, geographically variable rapid evolution, and variable population recovery that is predictable by standing genetic variation in, and rapid evolution at, climate-associated loci. These findings demonstrate the possibility of evolutionary rescue in the wild, showing that genetic variation at adaptive, but not neutral, loci predicts population recovery.
Evolutionary adaptation to global change reduces sustainable fisheries yields
对全球改削的退步适应性降低了可延续渔业的捕捞产量
▲ 作者：TAN Koz?owski , DUSTIN J. MARSHALL AND CRAIG R. WHITE
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea1341
▲摘要 ：
全球变热正在改削支撑粮食安然的渔业成本 ，可是对这些影响的料想但凡消弭退步过程 。
研究构创建了一个模型 ，用于料想鱼类将若何适应将来的气候笼统外形，和这类退步对渔业产量的影响。
他们料想 ，在水温较高的气候中 ，鱼类的展开速度当然会加快 ，但其性成熟时分会延迟 ，从而招致其最除夜体型变小。同时还料想 ，退步过程可以减缓气候笼统改削对鱼类适应身手的影响 ，但会加重其对渔业产量的负面影响——使丧损掉落踪落加重约50% 。
消弭退步要素高估了全数排放气候下的将来渔业产量 ，但退步的影响在最极端的气候下最为较着 。全数生物的生命周期都大年夜大年夜约因全球改削而产生发火照顾改削——在料想生态琐细及其处事下场时 ，理应将这类演酿要素思虑在内。
▲ Abstract：
Global warming is altering the fisheries that underpin food security, but projections of these impacts generally exclude evolutionary processes. We describe a model that forecasts how fish will adapt to future climates and the consequences of that evolution for fisheries yields. We predict that fish in warmer waters will grow faster but evolve earlier maturation, decreasing their maximum size. We predict that evolution ameliorates the impacts of climate change on fish fitness but exacerbates its impacts on fisheries yields—worsening losses by ~50%. Excluding evolution overestimates future yields under all emissions scenarios, but evolution’s impacts are greatest under the most extreme scenarios. All life histories may evolve in response to global change—this evolution should be considered in projections of ecosystems and their services.
植物学Zoology
Seal and sea lion brains have evolved to support volitional control of vocal behavior and learning
海豹和海狮的除夜脑已退步出支撑自立发声独霸和发声进修的身手
▲ 作者 ：PETER F. COOK, ANDREW A. ROUSE, EVA SAWYER, KARLA MILLER AND GREGORY BERNS
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx9367
▲摘要 ：
海豹和海狮具有高度发家的自立呼吸独霸身手 ，而海豹科还在此根本前程化出包含模仿在内的发声进修 。
在这项工作中 ，研究组经由过程构造学分化和体外分散磁共振成像追踪技能 ，为支撑鳍足植物自立发声独霸方面的堆集神经适应的琐细发育谱供给了证据 。海狮科和海豹科植物（并不是郊狼）的发声行动皮层与发声脑干核团之间存在直接联络 。
海豹的丘脑前腹外侧与发声前行动皮层之间存在增生性邻接——这是与鸟类发声进修和人类和鹦鹉模仿身手相干的前脑回路的一部分 。研究组证实 ，海豹科具有与发育阶段的发声进修相干的听觉-前行动通路。
▲ Abstract：
Seals and sea lions have highly developed volitional breathing control, to which the phocid seals add vocal production learning, including mimicry. In this work, using histology and ex vivo diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography, we provide evidence for a phylogenetic spectrum of accumulative neural adaptations supporting aspects of volitional vocal control across pinnipeds. Otariids and phocid seals, but not coyotes, have a direct connection between the vocal motor cortex and phonatory brainstem nuclei. Harbor seals showed hypertrophic connectivity between the anterior ventrolateral thalamus and the vocal premotor cortex—part of a forebrain circuit related to vocal learning in birds and mimicry in humans and parrots. We demonstrate that phocid seals have auditory-premotor pathways potentially related to developmental call learning.
Ravens anticipate wolf kill sites across broad scales
乌鸦料想除夜局限的狼群捕杀地址
▲ 作者：MATTHIAS-CLAUDIO LORETTO, KRISTINA B. BECK, DOUGLAS W. SMITH, DANIEL R. STAHLER, LAUREN E. WALKER, MARTIN WIKELSKI, ET AL.
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz9467
▲摘要 ：
食腐植物但凡依托分布琐细且难以料想的腐肉为食 。经久以来有一种假定认为 ，食腐乌鸦经由过程直接追踪除夜型食肉植物前去其捕猎点来刚毅地定位这些食物 。
可是 ，经由过程对黄石国度公园内69只乌鸦 、20只狼和11只美洲狮举办卫星追踪 ，研究组创作创造乌鸦很少会远距离奴隶捕食者 。相反，乌鸦但凡会再次重访狼群经常捕杀猎物的地址 ，它们会从远至155千米外前去来寻觅腐肉 。
就像导航至永远性的酬报补给站一样 ，乌鸦似乎可以记住先前与狼或其猎物干戈所构成的埋伏腐肉本源 。这些创作创造注解 ，在寻觅经久性成本的过程中，空间记忆和导航身手在食腐植物（和大年夜大年夜约在其他普及物种中）的阐扬感染要弘远于此前假定 。
▲ Abstract ：
Scavengers generally rely on patchily distributed, unpredictable carrion. A long-standing hypothesis suggests scavenging ravens reliably locate such food by directly following large carnivores to their kills. However, by satellite tracking 69 ravens, 20 wolves, and 11 cougars in Yellowstone National Park, we found that following of predators over large distances rarely occurred. Instead, ravens routinely revisited sites where wolf kills were common—returning from distances of up to 155 kilometers to find carrion. Much like navigating to permanent anthropogenic subsidies, ravens appear to remember potential sources of carrion shaped by previous encounters with wolves or their kills. These findings suggest that spatial memory and navigation play a considerably greater role than previously assumed among scavengers, and possibly other wide-ranging species, in search of ephemeral resources.
群众卫生Public Health
Polymerase trapping as the mechanism of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus genesis
聚合酶捕获招致H5高致病性禽流感病毒产生发火
▲ 作者 ：MATHIS FUNK, MONIQUE I. SPRONKEN , ROY M. HUTCHINSON, BENOIT ARRAGAIN, PAULINE JUYOUX, THEO M. BESTEBROER, ET AL.
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr6632
▲摘要 ：
高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIV）源于H5和H7型低致病性禽流感病毒（LPAIV） 。当然几十年前学界就已断定 ，在血凝素基因中拔出可被蛋白酶切割的多碱基切割位点（MBCS）是LPAIV向HPAIV改削的遗传根本 ，但这类拔丧出义务的机制尚不了然 。
研究组展示了瞬时H5 RNA筹划 ，料想将流感病毒聚合酶捕获在富含嘌呤的序列上 ，驱动核苷酸拔出 ，为RNA筹划介入MBCS掉落踪掉落踪供给了经验证据 。将H5样序列和筹划引进H6血凝素中，招致MBCS生成拔出渐变 。
该研究下场注解 ，H5 HPAIV展示的核苷酸拔出源于RNA筹划驱动的多样性天活力制 ，该机制也大年夜大年夜约产生发火在其他RNA病毒中 。
▲ Abstract：
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) derive from H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). Although insertion of a furin-cleavable multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin gene was identified decades ago as the genetic basis for the LPAIV-to-HPAIV transition, the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of insertion are unknown. Here, we show that transient H5 RNA structures, predicted to trap the influenza virus polymerase on purine-rich sequences, drive nucleotide insertions, providing empirical evidence of RNA structure involvement in MBCS acquisition. Introduction of H5-like sequences and structures into an H6 hemagglutinin resulted in MBCS-yielding insertions. Our results show that nucleotide insertions that underlie H5 HPAIV emergence result from an RNA structure–driven diversity-generating mechanism, which could also occur in other RNA viruses.
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